文法の説明

N4 レッスン 1: 16/18

他動詞(たどうし)・自動詞(じどうし)

Done through action vs. occurring on its own

する and なる can also be thought of as a transitive-intransitive pair

使い方・接続

Transitive・Intransitive

を落(お)とす・が落(お)ちる
To drop・To fall

をつける・がつく
To attach・To be attached

を見(み)つける・が見(み)つかる
To find・To be found

を下(さ)げる・が下(さ)がる
To lower・To be lowered

詳細

  • 使用域

    Standard

  • 使用域

    一般

「他動詞・自動詞」の情報

The two most fundamental divisions that can be made with Japanese verbs are transitive verbs - the subject is moving/acting upon something else, and intransitive verbs - the subject themself is moving/acting. Sometimes these terms are simplified even further to 'other-move' (transitive), and 'self-move' (intransitive).
Basically, this is the difference between verbs that require an object marked with を (transitive verbs), and those that only require が, to show that the subject itself is moving (intransitive).
In Japanese, there are many transitive/intransitive pairs of verbs, and these will need to be memorized.
  • ローソクを消(け)す。
    To put out a candle.
  • 風(かぜ)でローソクが消(き)える。
    For a candle to be put out by the wind.
  • 木(き)からバナナ​​が落(お)ちる。
    The banana fell from the tree.
  • 木(き)からバナナを落(お)とす。
    To drop a banana from a tree.
Fun Fact
In Japanese, the two ways in which all verbs can be described are an act/motion (動作(どうさ)), and an act/motion upon something (作用(さよう)).
Fun Fact
Although they are not traditionally grouped this way, する and なる may also be thought of as a transitive/intransitive pair. This is due to する always implying that something is being controlled (acted upon), while なる always implies that something happens on its own, or cannot be controlled.
  • 来年(らいねん)からアメリカに住(す)むことにした。
    From next year I am going to live in America. (I have decided to live in America starting next year)
  • 来年(らいねん)からアメリカに住(す)むことになる。
    From next year I am going to live in America. (I will be living in America starting next year due to work/school/family matters beyond my direct control)

例文

  • 試合(しあい)を始(はじ)めた・試合(しあい)が始(はじ)まった

    I started the match • The match started.

  • 忘(わす)れ物(もの)を見(み)つけた・忘(わす)れ物(もの)が見(み)つかった

    I found the lost item • The lost item was found.

  • 虫(むし)を集(あつ)めた・虫(むし)が集(あつ)まった

    I gathered bugs. The bugs gathered.

  • 探(さが)していたカバンを見(み)つけた。

    I found the bag that I had been looking for.

  • 犯人(はんにん)が見(み)つかった。

    The criminal has been found.

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「他動詞・自動詞」に関する文法ディスカッション

最近の返信 (合計24件)

  • EdBunpro

    EdBunpro

    Every time that thread gets linked I feel chills run up my spine

  • Superpnut

    Superpnut

    First thing first this grammar point should have a giant warning label that says hard on it.

    I’ve spent about an hour trying to wrap my head around what a transitive and intransitive verb is but honestly I couldn’t even give a bad explanation if you put a gun to my head. But the reviews themselves aren’t that bad it’s just which one makes sense. But I have a question on a review question I got and I don’t even know if it pertains to shit topic but I got it while cramming this lesson.

  • nekoyama

    nekoyama

    With 見つける the thing that is found would be the object marked with を, so that’s why the が points at 見つかる where the subject is what’s found (and there is no object).

    But you have the English translation off in the screenshot. I guess without that information, it is actually ambiguous after all. The が only helps if you know that the 犯人 is supposed to be what’s being caught (found).

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