Structure
Verb［ない］+ ず(に)
Exceptions:
する ￫ せず(に)
Détails
Formal
À propos de ずに
Although it is not considered to be one of the primary 18 auxiliary verbs that are used in modern Japanese, ず is a classical auxiliary verb that has the same role as ぬ, and ない. This role is negating the verb that it is attached to. ずに is simply the addition of the case marking particle に to ず. Together, they mean 'without doing', in a similar way to ないで.
To use ずに, attach it to the indeterminate form of the verb that you wish to express as 'without doing (A)'. This is the same form used with ない.
ずに is quite a bit more formal than ないで, but still frequently used in modern Japanese. Especially as part of set phrases, like ずにすむ (which we will learn about in another lesson).
Caution
When used with a する verb, する will become せずに, not しずに. Both せ and し are indeterminate forms of する. し, the more common form that is used in east Japan appears with ない.
En lien
Exemples
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忘れずに届けてくれてありがとうございます。
Thank you for notifying me (without forgetting).
何も知らずにあんなこと言ってごめんなさい。
Sorry for saying those things without knowing the full story.
悩まずに生きるなんて不可能なのかもしれない。
It might not be possible to live without worrying.
値段を見ずに買ったら大変なことになった。
I bought it without checking the price and now I am in a bind.
彼は朝ごはんを食べずに仕事に行きました。
He left for work without eating breakfast.
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En ligne
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Hors ligne
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ずに – Discussion Grammaire
Réponses les plus récentes (17 au total)
FredKore
The meaning of “not doing” is captured in the ず. Adding the に turns it into something kinda like an adverb – it describes how the phrase that follows is being done, so it gets translated into “without doing”.
休まない = not rest, doesn’t rest
休まず = not rest, doesn’t rest
休まないで勉強する = study without resting
休まずに勉強する = study without resting
Because it’s from classical Japanese, ず shows up in a lot of idioms. It’s not as common as ない in everyday conversation, but it has the same meaning.
IcyIceBear
Because of the comma it’s not needed
Chensoman420
The page for this grammar point has it registered as “Formal”, but I’ve heard it quite often in casual spoken conversation by native Japanese speakers. When I asked them, one of my native Japanese friends was confused by the notion of this being considered formal language, and said that it’s just casual.
Is it possible that it is originally formal / classical Japanese, but younger generations have started using it in spoken conversation? For further context, the friend I asked is in their early 20s
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