～た + (Noun)Verb modified noun, Relative clause

The う-Verb (Past) expresses completed actions or past states. Unlike English, verbs can directly modify nouns, similar to い-Adjectives. For example, 買った本 means 'the book [I] bought.' This typically applies only to the plain/casual verb form, while the polite ます form is used at the end of sentences or clauses.

The る-Verb (Past) expresses completed actions or past states. Unlike English, verbs can modify nouns directly, similar to い-Adjectives. For example, 食べたケーキ means 'the cake [I] ate.' This applies mainly to the plain/casual form, while the polite ます form is used at the end of clauses or sentences.

The ている① form expresses completed actions or past states. Unlike English, verbs can directly modify nouns, similar to い-Adjectives. For example, 読んでいる本 means 'the book [I] am reading.' However, when describing a noun's state, the past form (た) is often preferred over ている. For example, 死んだネズミ ('a dead mouse') is more common than 死んでいるネズミ.

The ている① form expresses completed actions or past states. Unlike English, verbs can directly modify nouns, similar to い-Adjectives. However, unless emphasizing a changing state, the past form (た) is usually preferred over ている when describing nouns. For example, 死んだネズミ ('a dead mouse') is more common than 死んでいるネズミ.

The ている① form expresses completed actions or past states. Unlike English, verbs can directly modify nouns, similar to い-Adjectives. For example, 行っている学校 means 'the school I am going to.' However, when describing a noun's state, the past form is often preferred over ている. For example, 死んだネズミ ('a dead mouse') is more common than 死んでいるネズミ.

い-Adjectives describe the state or characteristics of nouns and can be used at the end of a sentence or directly before a noun. For example, 面白い本 means 'an interesting book.' Similarly, Japanese verbs, unlike English verbs, can also modify nouns. For example, 読んだ本 means 'the book [I] read.'

な-Adjectives describe the state or characteristics of nouns. They can be used at the end of a sentence (followed by だ or です) or precede a noun with な. For example, 大変な仕事 means 'a tough job.' Similarly, Japanese verbs can modify nouns directly, unlike な-Adjectives. For example, 読んだ本 means 'the book (I) read.'