文法の説明

N4 レッスン 2: 4/17

までにBy ~, By the time that ~, Before ~

使い方・接続

Verb + までに
Noun + までに

詳細

  • 使用域

    一般

  • あまり見かけない漢字

    迄

「までに」の情報

までに is a combination of two different types of particles. The adverbial particle まで, and the case marking particle に. までに is very similar to まで when it means 'until'. However, there is one very important distinction. This distinction is that までに means 'by', not 'until'.

To use までに, we will need to attach it to the end of a noun, or verb in the non-past form.

To understand the difference between まで, and までに, we need to remember that に usually marks a 'target', or a 'destination' for where something will happen. In this case, まで is the 'target' that に is marking. This is due to the fact that まで means 'as far as' (まで is sometimes written using kanji 迄(まで), especially in older/formal texts, and newspapers).

In this way, までに more literally means '(A) as far as (に marks the target), (B).

Fun Fact

Originally, まで meant 'as far as' in regard to the passing of a particular event. However, in modern Japanese, most people will assume that the speaker means 'by the beginning of (A)'. Due to this, sentences that have a very broad event, such as 夏(なつ)までに could actually be interpreted as 'by the start of summer', or 'before the end of summer', depending on who you are talking to. In these cases, it would be better to add a more specific time frame.

関連

例文

--:--

    明日(あした)までに電話(でんわ)をください。

    Please call by tomorrow.

    お昼(ひる)までには着(つ)きます。

    I will arrive by noon.

    １０(じゅう)時(じ)までに帰(かえ)ってきてください。

    Could you please come back home by 10?

    来週(らいしゅう)までには終(お)わります。

    I will be done by next week.

    ８(はち)時(じ)までに学校(がっこう)につかなくてはいけない。

    I have to arrive at school by 8 o'clock.

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「までに」に関する文法ディスカッション

最近の返信 (合計12件)

  • Jake

    Jake

    by, by the time, before

    Structure

    • Noun + までに

    View on Bunpro

  • MissDagger

    MissDagger

    Could someone explain why this uses 帰ってきて instead of just 帰って? I realize it probably has nothing to do with までに, but I wasn’t sure where to ask a question about a specific example sentence.

  • Pushindawood

    Pushindawood

    Hey! Think of 帰る as just the act of “moving toward home” and くる as “coming toward” the speaker (home). Since the movement in 帰る isn’t understood until we have more information, let’s look at a few examples with just 帰る:

    家に帰る - いえにかえる - I will go home.
    トムは家に帰る - とむはいえにかえる - Tom will go home.
    今から家に帰るね - いまからいえにかえるね - I will go home now, okay?
    In all of these examples, the speaker is not at home, but in a different location, and will be going home.

    Now let’s look at some examples with 帰ってくる

    何時に帰ってくるの？ - なんじにかえってくるの？ - When will you come back home?
    ママは今から帰ってくるって - ままはいまからかえってくるって - Mom says that she is on her way back home now.
    In both of these examples the speaker is at home, referring to someone coming back home at some point.
    8時ぐらいに帰ってくると思う - ８じぐらいにかえってくるとおもう - I think that I will be home around 8
    Said by someone that is still at home, talking about coming back home in the future.

    In summary:
    帰る is used to express the moveme...

  • MissDagger

    MissDagger

    Ah! I get it. So because the speaker is home, they add 来る. I assume it would sound wrong to a Japanese person if someone didn’t add 来る in the example of someone being home and asking someone else to come home too (to the same home). Is that correct?

  • Pushindawood

    Pushindawood

    That’s right!

  • CrisH

    CrisH

    5時までに漢字100文字覚えるのは大変です。
    Is 文字 a counter in this sentence? The wiktionary page for it doesn’t say, but obviously it could just be missing from there.

  • matt_in_mito

    matt_in_mito

    Yes. You can also say 100字 but when saying it in conversation, some people might think you’re talking about 時間 so I would say you’re better off using 文字.

  • CrisH

    CrisH

    Cool, thanks

  • benuidede

    benuidede

    I’m not sure if I should ask this in the まで discussion or this one, but can this be used for counters also ? I was trying to read this interview and this sentence came up :
    またスイス公演も開演1時間まで政府側の許可が下りないという事態に陥りました。
    would saying 〇〇X時間まで always mean “until X hours before 〇〇” ? Would it work with other counters like in
    終わり３ページまで主人公は死ぬと思ってた。I thought the main character would die until 3 pages before the end (of the book).

  • mrnoone

    mrnoone

    Hey!

    Yes, you can use number + counter + まで and it means “up to (up until) number + counter”.

    Yup, it is correct.
    To make it simple you can think of it as 終わりの３ページまで (or 最後の３ページまで）.
    I thought that the hero would die up to the last three pages. (correct Japanese btw!)

    By the way, AまでにB means “by”. A expresses deadline before which something (B) happens.

    明日までに答えてください。
    Please answer me by tomorrow.

    <...
  • pokedots

    pokedots

  • mrnoone

    mrnoone

    @pokedots

    まで, when used with location means “to” or “as far as”.
    If we translate the sentence more literary, “If I go with my friends to the city to have some fun, I think that it will be impossible for me to be back by ten.”

    Another example:
    私はバスで京都まで行った。
    I went to Kyoto by bus.

    I hope it helps,
    Cheers!

  • pokedots

    pokedots

    Thank you! I didn’t think about the まで as referring to the 行いったら

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