文法の説明

N3 レッスン 8: 19/23

ずにWithout doing

に can be omitted

使い方・接続

Verb［ない］+ ず(に)

Exceptions:
する ￫ せず(に)

詳細

  • 使用域

    硬い

「ずに」の情報

Although it is not considered to be one of the primary 18 auxiliary verbs that are used in modern Japanese, ず is a classical auxiliary verb that has the same role as ぬ, and ない. This role is negating the verb that it is attached to. ずに is simply the addition of the case marking particle に to ず. Together, they mean 'without doing', in a similar way to ないで.

To use ずに, attach it to the indeterminate form of the verb that you wish to express as 'without doing (A)'. This is the same form used with ない.

ずに is quite a bit more formal than ないで, but still frequently used in modern Japanese. Especially as part of set phrases, like ずにすむ (which we will learn about in another lesson).

Caution

When used with a する verb, する will become せずに, not しずに. Both せ and し are indeterminate forms of する. し, the more common form that is used in east Japan appears with ない.

関連

例文

--:--

    忘(わす)れずに届(とど)けてくれてありがとうございます。

    Thank you for notifying me (without forgetting).

    何(なに)も知(し)らずにあんなこと言(い)ってごめんなさい。

    Sorry for saying those things without knowing the full story.

    悩(なや)まずに生(い)きるなんて不可能(ふかのう)なのかもしれない。

    It might not be possible to live without worrying.

    値段(ねだん)を見(み)ずに買(か)ったら大変(たいへん)なことになった。

    I bought it without checking the price and now I am in a bind.

    彼(かれ)は朝(あさ)ごはんを食(た)べずに仕事(しごと)に行(い)きました。

    He left for work without eating breakfast.

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「ずに」に関する文法ディスカッション

最近の返信 (合計16件)

  • mrnoone

    mrnoone

    English translation:
    without doing

    Structure:
    Verb[ない] + ずに

    :
    する → せず

    View on Bunpro

  • megatron0000

    megatron0000

    I can’t help wondering how this looks similar to まま. Are they generally interchangeable ?

    Well, not exactly interchangeable, but ずに seems to be replaceable for まま. For example, the first reading sentence of the grammar point:

    彼は朝ごはんを食べずに仕事に行きました -> 彼は朝ごはんを食べないまま仕事に行きました

  • Anthropos888

    Anthropos888

    Is the ず form basically the same as ないで meaning “don’t”? As in:

    去る者は追わず。

    Do you have this ず as separate grammar point? If not, you should mention it’s function and meaning in the ないで or ずに grammar.

  • Anthropos888

    Anthropos888

    @mrnoone ?

  • Ambo100

    Ambo100

    Another grammar resource:

  • flowsnake

    flowsnake

    Most of the sentences give you the hint that you don’t need a に before a comma, so why does one of the examples have せずに 、?

  • mrnoone

    mrnoone

    Hey

    My fault, fixed it!

    Sorry for the inconvenience!
    Cheers!

  • Johnathan-Weir

    Johnathan-Weir

    You should note that the に isn’t necessary and makes the phrase more stiff. Luckily there are already example sentences but the meaning page doesn’t reflect those usages.

  • mrnoone

    mrnoone

    Hey

    I have added the information about the fact that に can be omitted

    Cheers

  • asdfpotato

    asdfpotato

    I’m a bit confused as to why the sentence 休まず、一日中ゲームをやり続けた uses 休まず instead of 休みず?

  • FredKore

    FredKore

    休まない
    休まない + ず
    休まず
    ta-dah!

  • cineebon

    cineebon

    The nihongo no mori video has been made private. Does anyone still have access to it?

  • Daru

    Daru

    Seems to me like they still haven’t made the update, but still delisted the old one.
    I’ve replaced it with another resource video, thank you for pointing that out!

  • Pablunpro

    Pablunpro

    Hi!

    Whilst looking into Tae Kim’s online resource, I see that he also includes「くる」as an exception, as it becomes「こず」and not 「くず」.

    Could this be included in the Exceptions or is there any consideration preventing it?

    EDIT: after listening to Tezuka Sensei in the Meshclass video, I’ve realised that my request is not valid, as 「くる」follows the standard pattern, its indeterminate form being 「こ」.

    間違えてすみません。

    良い一日を

  • GudGud07

    GudGud07

    I’m sorry for reviving this topic, but I’m a bit lost, why are we not adding a に at the end of the sentence ?

  • FredKore

    FredKore

    The meaning of “not doing” is captured in the ず. Adding the に turns it into something kinda like an adverb – it describes how the phrase that follows is being done, so it gets translated into “without doing”.
    休まない = not rest, doesn’t rest
    休まず = not rest, doesn’t rest
    休まないで勉強する = study without resting
    休まずに勉強する = study without resting
    Because it’s from classical Japanese, ず shows up in a lot of idioms. It’s not as common as ない in everyday conversation, but it has the same meaning.

  • IcyIceBear

    IcyIceBear

    Because of the comma it’s not needed

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