ままに (As Is)As is, While remaining, Left in a state

Both patterns use まま, but れる・られる + ままに expresses acting in line with orders or circumstances, e.g. 言われるがままにする ('Do exactly as told'). In contrast, standalone まま(に) is used in a wider range of contexts to express an unchanged state, e.g. 窓が開けたままになっている ('The window is still open'). The compound implies passivity; the base form, a persistent state.

てある et まま(に) décrivent tous deux des états continus, mais diffèrent dans leur nuance. てある implique qu'une action a été réalisée pour une raison et que le résultat persiste. Par exemple, 窓が開けてある (« La fenêtre a été ouverte. ») suggère qu'elle a été laissée ouverte pour un but précis. En revanche, まま(に) souligne que l'état reste inchangé, sans sous-entendre de but, par ex : 窓を開けたまま家を出てしまった (« Je suis sorti de la maison en laissant la fenêtre ouverte. »).

Both relate to a state continuing without change. まま describes a condition or state that remains as it is, neutral in tone, and when used as ないまま it means an action did not happen and that non-action continued, as in 行かないままだった ('I remained in a state of not going.'). ずじまい is especially close to ないまま but emphasizes the outcome that, after time or circumstances, the action never happened at all, often with regret or resignation, as in 結局行かずじまいだった ('In the end, I never went.').

まま(に) and っぱなし both describe something left in a certain state, but differ in tone. まま(に) can be neutral or passive, e.g. 電気をつけたまま寝た ('I fell asleep with the light on'). っぱなし adds a careless or irresponsible nuance, as in ドアを開けっぱなしにしないで ('Don't leave the door wide open').

きり often marks an action done once and left that way, as in 去年会ったきり連絡がない ('I haven't heard from them since we met last year'). まま(に) marks an ongoing unchanged state, as in 靴を履いたまま入らないで ('Don't enter with your shoes on'). Both can imply continuation, but きり emphasizes a cutoff point.

Both expressions refer to a persisting state, but differ in nuance. With たなり・なり, there's often (but not always) an implication that the situation is undesirable or unexpected, as in 部屋に入ったなり出てこない ('Ever since going in his room, he hasn't come out'). まま(に) also marks an unchanged state, e.g. 窓が開けたままになっている ('The window is still open'), but is more neutral in tone.

まま(に) can suggest a condition continuing unchanged or doing something exactly a certain way, e.g. 指示されたままに動く ('Act exactly as instructed'). 如く・如き・如し express resemblance, e.g. 夢の如く消えた ('It vanished like a dream'). Both can involve comparison, but only 如く emphasizes similarity, and is far more formal/literary than まま(に).