たとえ〜てもEven if…is the case, Supposing that

たとえ～ても is a stronger and more limited version of ても used in hypothetical situations. For example, たとえどこに行っても 'no matter where you might go' is a more emphatic version of どこに行っても 'wherever you go'. However, in cases where ても expresses permission, e.g. てもいい 'you can (A)', たとえ would not be used, since the meaning is not strongly hypothetical.

もし and たとえ are similar in that both can be used at the beginning of a sentence to emphasize a hypothetical situation or condition. The primary difference is that while もし can be followed by a wide variety of conditionals, including なら, たら, ば, and ても, たとえ is almost always followed by a ても expression, giving it the meaning of 'even if (A)' or 'even supposing that (A)'.

にしても and たとえ〜ても both mean 'even if', but にしても leans toward conditions that are reasonably likely, e.g. 難しいにしてもやってみたほうがいい ('Even if it's difficult, you should give it a try'). たとえ〜ても is far more hypothetical, e.g. たとえ失敗してもあきらめない ('Even if I fail, I won't give up').

Both express strong contrary hypotheticals, similar to 'Even if (A), still (B)'. たとえ〜ても is less formal and more common in speech, e.g. たとえ一人でも、ちゃんとやる 'Even if it's just me, I'll do it right.' とも is more literary and formal, and takes the volitional form, e.g. 死のうとも構わない 'Even if I die, I don't mind.'

Both express contrastive conditionals. たとえ〜ても is neutral or formal, e.g. たとえ雨に降られても気にしない 'Even if I get rained on, I won't care.' たって is casual and conversational, often used with emotional insistence, e.g. そんなこと言ったってしょうがないよ 'Even if you say that, there's nothing we can do.'

Both express hypothetical conditions, but with different implications. たとえ〜ても presents contrast, like 'Even if (A), still (B)', e.g. たとえ雨が降っても行きます 'Even if it rains, I'll go.' としても assumes (A) as a premise for argument or stance, e.g. 行くとしても一人では行かない 'Even if I go, I won't go alone.'

Both introduce hypothetical situations, but with different nuances. たとえ〜ても sets up contrast, like 'Even if (A), still (B)', e.g. たとえ負けても悔いはない 'Even if I lose, I'll have no regrets.' もしも～なら・～でも expresses a basic hypothetical and its result, e.g. もしも彼が来たら、話します 'If he comes, I'll talk to him.'

Both show that something remains unchanged regardless of conditions. たとえ〜ても presents a contrasting hypothetical, e.g. たとえ雨に降られても気にしない 'Even if I get rained on, I won't care.' にせよ・にしろ is more concrete and neutral, often listing options, e.g. 行くにせよ行かないにせよ、連絡してほしい 'Whether you go or not, I want you to contact me.'