Bunpro N4 Grammar

Lesson 1

Ways of Doing and Being

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でも

Or something, Any... (with question words), No matter (who)

～易（やす）い

にくい

Difficult to, Hard to

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づらい

Hard to, Tough to, Painful to, Difficult to

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段々（だんだん）

Gradually, Little by little, Step by step

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どんどん

Progressively, Rapidly increasing, More and more

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等（ら）

We, Them, They, These, Those

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～ていく

To ~ and go, To go on, To start

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～てくる

To come to, To become, To continue, To be starting to, Has been ~ing

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方（かた）

Way of ~ing, How to ~, Manner of ~ing

だけで

だが

But, Still, However, Nevertheless

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なくて (Sequence)

To not ~ and ~, Not ~ and ~ (Conjugations)

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なくて (Reasons and Causes)

Not ~ and, Not so, Because not (Examples)

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ないで

Without doing, Not ~ and ~

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れる・られる (Passive)

Was done to ~ by ~, Done without consent, Done to one's dismay

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他動詞（たどうし）・自動詞（じどうし）

Done through action vs. occurring on its own

直（なお）す

と言（い）う事（こと）

~ing, The ~ that ~ (Nominalization)

Lesson 2

When and How Often

時（とき）

まず

To start with, Firstly

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まで

Even, To even, To the extent of

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までに

By ~, By the time that ~, Before ~

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また

Also, As well, Moreover, Again, Additionally

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始（はじ）める

To start, To begin to

終（お）わる

頃（ころ）

後（あと）で

～ていた

に (Frequency)

Times (In each time period), Every, Frequency of

到頭（とうとう）

より

毎（ごと）に

なるべく

As ~ as possible, Wherever practicable

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～る所（ところ）だ

About to, On the verge of

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のに

Despite, Although, Even though

Lesson 3

Seems Like, Could be

と思（おも）う

等（など）

Such as, Things like, Etc., And so on

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みたい

Like, Similar to, Resembling

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こと

Converting a verb into a noun

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そう

Look like, Appear, Seem, Have a feeling that

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さ

Converting adjectives to nouns

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とか

Among other things, For example, Such as

そういう

う・よう (Volitional)

Let's, I shall (Casual volitional)

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様（よう）だ

It seems that, It appears that, It looks like

全然（ぜんぜん）

かな

余（あま）り～ない

Not very, Not much, Not really, Hardly

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ば

If… then, (Conditional)

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なら

Were it, If, If it's the case, As for (Conditional)

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がる

To feel, To think, To act as if, To want, To desire

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がする

To give off, Smell, Sound, Taste, Sensation

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する (Have/Wear)

Have (a feature), Wear (an accessory)

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たがる

To want to (Third person)

Lesson 4

Do it Like this, Did it Like that

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かもしれない

Might, Maybe, Probably

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みたいに

Like, Similar to, Resembling

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そうに

Seem, Look like, Sound

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の様（よう）に

Like (Noun), Similar to (Noun)

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う・よう + と思（おも）う

I think I will, I think I shall, Going to, Gonna (Volitional + と思う)

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く・に

～ly (Describing verbs), Adverbs

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くは

Emphasis and Contrast

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にする・くする

Adjective + する, To make something/someone (more)

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といい

I hope, I wish, You should, It would be good

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様（よう）になる

To reach the point that, To come to be that, To turn into

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毎（まい）～の様（よう）に

Almost every ~, Nearly every ~, On a ~ basis

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じゃないか

Isn't it?, Is it not?

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らしい ①

Seems like, Apparently, I heard

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～ておく

To do something in advance

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が欲（ほ）しい

To want something, To be in need of

～て欲（ほ）しい

と聞（き）いた

聞（き）こえる

To be audible, To sound (like), (Can) hear, To be heard

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見（み）える

To be visible, To seem, To be in sight

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出（だ）す

To suddenly begin, To start doing

Lesson 5

Amounts/Counting

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代（だい）

Teens, Twenties, Thirties, 1910s, 20s/30s

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かかる (Time/Price)

Costs (money), Takes (time)

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する (Cost)

Cost (money), Run you about (a certain price)

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Number + も

Emphasis, As ~ as, Not even

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殆（ほとん）ど

Almost all, Most, Hardly any, Few (Adverbial noun)

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そんな

Such a・Kind of, Something like ~

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各（かく）

Each, Every, Respective, Various

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の次（つぎ）に

Next to (rank), Second to, Ranked after

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以上（いじょう） ①

More than (or equal to), Over・(and) above, Any more・Greater, Exceeding

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以下（いか）

Less than (or equal to), Under・(and) below, Any less・fewer, Not exceeding

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以外（いがい）

Except・besides, Other than, With the exception of

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ずっと ①

Continuously, All throughout, Entire time, Ever (since), The whole time, All the way

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大体（だいたい）

Most・mostly, Adequately・generally, For the most part, Roughly・approximately, In the first place

の中（なか）で

様（よう） + に・な

(Amount) + は

At least, Sort of, Or so

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何（なん） + (Counter) + か

Some, Several, A few

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真（ま）っ

Completely, Exactly, Right

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(Number) + しか〜ない

No more than, Not exceeding, As few as・as little as, Only

は～の一（ひと）つだ

ない～はない

There is not ~ that is not/does not

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少（すこ）しも～ない

Not even a little, Not at all, Not in the least, Never

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少（すく）なくない

Quite a few, Quite a lot, Many, Not a few, Not a little

Lesson 6

て the Day Away

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場合（ばあい）は

In the event of, In the case of

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～て (Casual Request)

Please do for me (Casual request)

～てよかった

せる・させる (Causative)

To make/let/have (somebody do something)

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と言（い）ってもいい

You could say, You might say

～ても・でも

～てしまう

To do something by accident, To finish completely・totally, Unfortunately

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～て (Reasons and Causes)

And・and so, Due to, Because of, Since, Conjunctive

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させられる (Causative-Passive)

Verbs (Causative-passive voice), To be made to do something, To be forced to do

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～て (Means and Manner)

By, With, On, By means of, ~ing with

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～てある

Something is done, Has been done, Remaining state

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様（よう）に～て欲（ほ）しい

Want ~ to ~ like ~, Want ~ to be able to ~, Want ~ to ~ in the way of ~

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～ている間（あいだ）に

While, During the time that ~

なくてもいい

～てみる

～てすみません

Lesson 7

Let's Get Polite

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～てあげる

To do something for someone, As a favor for

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～てくれる

To do something for someone (usually you)

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～てもらう

To get someone to do, To have someone do

なさい

～て (Non-Sequence)

Non-sequence, And, But (Contrast), Parallel action/state

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ないで (Casual Request)

(Please) do not (for me), Casual request

～てくれてありがとう

～て + くれない

Won't you?, Will you?, Could you?, Can you?, Would you?

のだろうか

お～になる

なさる

お～ください

Please do (Honorific)

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いらっしゃる

To be (Honorific), To come (Honorific), To go (Honorific)

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御座（ござ）います

To be, To exist (Polite)

で御座（ござ）います

お〜する

I humbly do, I am obliged to do, Humble speech

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致（いた）す

To do (Humble), To venerably do

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～ていただけませんか

Won't you, Could you please (Humble request)

Lesson 8

Possibility vs Necessity

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たら

When, From when, Just when, If

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他（ほか）に

Other, Another, Any other, Anything else, As well as, Besides, In addition

が必要（ひつよう）

そんなに

So (much), That much, Like that

必要（ひつよう）がある

例（たと）えば

れる・られる (Potential)

To be able, Can (Potential)

んだけど

筈（はず）だ

Bound to (be), Expected to (be), Should be (able)

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かどうか

Whether or not, If...or not

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と

If, When, Whenever, And, [Conditional]

ないと

筈（はず）がない

Hardly possible, Cannot be, Highly unlikely, Improbable

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しか～ない

There's only, Nothing but

だけでなく

ことが出来（でき）る

かい

もし

Lesson 9

Do it Like this, Did it Like that - Advanced

し (Reasons)

でできる

Made of, Made from, Produced from, Come from

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ながら

While ~ing, During, As

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～た所（ところ）だ

Just finished doing, Was just doing

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～ている所（ところ）だ

In the process of doing ~ right now/at this moment

と～と、どちらが

様（よう）にする

To try to, To make sure to, To endeavor to

なければいけない

なければならない

続（つづ）ける

様（よう）に言（い）う

To tell, request, or order to do (in such a way)

予定（よてい）だ

様（よう）に祈（いの）る

Pray that/for, Hope that/for, Keep fingers crossed that

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～たばかり

Just did, Something just happened

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化（か）する

-ification, -ization, To make something, To change, To become, Transform into

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命令形（めいれいけい）

(Verb)!, Do (something)!

Lesson 10

Seems Like, Could Be - Advanced

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様（よう）に

So that, In order to, In such a way that

かしら

らしい ②

typical of, -ish・like, appropriate for, becoming of, befitting

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って感（かん）じ

Kind of thing, Kind of vibe, Kind of feeling

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にみえる

To look, To seem, To appear

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と見（み）える

It seems that, It can be deduced, One can conclude that

風（ふう）

が見（み）られる

Can see, Can be seen, Can observe, Can be observed, Be evident, Chance to see something

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に気（き）が付（つ）く

To notice (that), To realize (that)

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でも〜でも

Whether ~ or, Neither ~ or

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それに

And, Besides, Moreover, In addition

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それで

Because of that, So?, And then?, Therefore, With that

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(Question-Phrase) + か

Including questions within sentences

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それでも

But still, And yet, Even so, Nevertheless

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たらどう

Why don't you...?, What if you did...?

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と考（かんが）えられている

Is considered, Is thought of as

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とされている

To be considered, To be deemed, Be regarded as, Be accepted as, To be said, To be accredited with

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と言（い）われている

It is said that, Is known as

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ば良（よ）かった

Should have, I wish, It would have been better to