ながらもBut, Even while, Even though, Despite, Although

Both express contrast, but with different nuances and usage. ながらも attaches to verbs, adjectives, or nouns and conveys contradictory states, e.g. '緊張しながらもわくわくしている' ('While feeling anxious, I'm also excited'). それなのに is used at the start of a sentence to mean 'and yet', often with surprise, e.g. '８時間も寝た。それなのに眠い' ('I slept eight whole hours. But still, I'm sleepy').

ながらも and にもかかわらず both express contradiction, but differ in nuance and usage. ながらも conveys coexisting contradictory states, e.g. '緊張しながらもわくわくしている' ('While feeling anxious, I'm also excited'). にもかかわらず means 'despite' and is used when something occurs against expectations, e.g. '雨にもかかわらず出かけた' ('He went out despite the rain').

Both mean 'while' or 'although' and are often interchangeable, e.g. '何度も休みつつ、ゴールまでたどりついた' ('While/although resting many times, I neared the goal'). This could also be expressed as '何度も休みながらも...'. However, ながらも requires the action to occur over time, so '手紙を開きつつ' ('while opening the letter') would typically not use ながらも.

ながらも and くせに both express contradiction, but differ in nuance. ながらも simply expresses two seemingly contradictory states coexisting in a neutral fashion, e.g. 緊張しながらもわくわくしている ('While feeling anxious, I'm also excited.'). In contrast, くせに implies blame or criticism, e.g. 知っているくせに教えてくれない ('Even though he knows, he won't tell me.').

にしても and ながらも both express contrast. にしても introduces something counter to the condition, e.g. 難しいにしてもやってみたほうがいい ('Even if it's hard, you should try doing it'). ながらも shows two opposing facts that coexist, e.g. 忙しいながらも楽しんでいる ('I'm busy, but still enjoying it').

Both のに and ながらも express contrast, but with different focuses. のに is more general and used widely, like the English 'although.' ながらも is mainly used with state-expressing verbs and conveys surprise that something happened despite that state.