に於(お)いてIn, On, At, Regarding, In terms of

Both are formal equivalents of で and can mark place of action, means, or method. において・における can also describe nouns, e.g. '現代社会における問題' ('problems in modern society') or '現代社会においての問題'. にて always connects to the rest of the sentence, not directly to a noun, e.g. '大会にて優勝する' ('win in the tournament').

に取って (usually written in kana as にとって) expresses viewpoint or concern, e.g. 私にとって大切な人だ ('She's an important person to me'). において・における is a formal equivalent of で, conveying setting, context, or means, e.g. 歴史において重要な出来事だ ('It's an important event in history'). Unlike にとって, the latter can directly modify nouns in the における form, e.g. 教育における問題 ('Problems in education').

While they appear similar in form, these expressions have different nuance and meaning. について means 'concerning (A)' and often marks a topic of discussion, question, and so on, e.g. 日本文化について話す ('Talk about Japanese culture'), while において・における is a formal equivalent of で and often indicates the location or context something happens, e.g. 会議において発表する ('Announce at the meeting').

While both にかかわる and において・における describe relationships with nouns, their meanings differ. にかかわる expresses significant relevance or impact, often with serious subjects, e.g. '命にかかわる' ('a matter of life'). において・における simply marks context without implying influence, e.g. '歴史において重要な事件' ('an important event in history').

Both で and において・における indicate the location where an action takes place, but differ significantly in formality. で is common in daily speech and informal writing, whereas において・における appear mainly in formal contexts or written language. Additionally, において・における can express meanings like 'in terms of' or 'with respect to.'

These patterns are similar in that both follow nouns, then attach to either another noun (に関する and における) or the rest of the sentence (に関して or において), but differ in meaning. に関する・に関して means 'about (A)' or 'concerning (A)', while において・における can be considered a more formal/literary equivalent of で indicating a context, place, or setting.

Both patterns connect to nouns to show a relationship, but differ in nuance. に対して (which also appears before nouns as に対する) implies a directional or oppositional relationship, like 'toward (A)', e.g. 彼に対する気持ち ('feelings toward him'). In contrast, において・における is a more formal/literary equivalent of で, indicating a context, place, or setting, e.g. 現代社会における宗教 ('religion in modern society').