Grammar Info

N1 Lesson 6: 5/17

いかん〜ずRegardless of (whatever … is), Irrespective of (whatever … is)

いかん is a formal written expression meaning “how"/ “in what way”

Structure

Noun + (の) + いかん + に関(かか)わらず(1)

(1) によらず、を問(と)わず

Details

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    Formal

About いかん〜ず

When the noun いかん 'how', or 'what' is paired with a verb negated with the classical auxiliary verb ず, it will commonly be translated as 'regardless of (A), (B)', or 'irrespective of (A), (B)'. The verbs used for this construction are restricted to 関(かか)わらず 'without relation', によらず 'without approaching', and を問(と)わず 'without questioning.

いかん〜ず comes after a noun followed by the case marking particle の.

いかん〜ず is a formal grammar pattern that is used primarily to express that (B) will not be affected by (A), even if it is something that would usually be expected. Because of this, 'without taking (A) into account' is another fairly accurate translation of the nuance.

Examples

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    結果(けっか)如何(いかん)を問(と)わず、この学校(がっこう)では努力(どりょく)をした生徒(せいと)を褒(ほ)めるようにしています。

    Regardless of results, this school makes sure to praise students that put in effort.

    テストの形式(けいしき)如何(いかん)を問(と)わず自分(じぶん)の力(ちから)を最大限(さいだいげん)出(だ)せるように勉強(べんきょう)しよう。

    Irrespective of the test format, I shall study in order to put forward my absolute best performance.

    これまでの経歴(けいれき)如何(いかん)を問(と)わず、我(わ)が社(しゃ)は多様(たよう)な人材(じんざい)を受(う)け入(い)れる方針(ほうしん)だ。

    Regardless of your career history thus far, our company has a policy of accepting a range of talented individuals.

    僕(ぼく)は勝敗(しょうはい)如何(いかん)を問(と)わず、全力(ぜんりょく)でプレーした息子(むすこ)を褒(ほ)め称(たた)えるつもりです。

    Irrespective of winning or losing, I intend to sing the praises of my son, who played with all of his might.

    発信(はっしん)する内容(ないよう)の如何(いかん)を問(と)わず、私(わたし)たちは自由(じゆう)に発言(はつげん)する権利(けんり)を与(あた)えられるべきだ。

    Regardless of the transmission contents, we ought to be given the right to voice things freely.

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