Structure
Noun + Amount + 以下
それ(1) + 以下
(1) これ、あれ
Details
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Standard
使用域
一般
About いか
In order to mark something as 'equal to, or less than (A)', 以下 will be used. This is simply a combination of the kanji 以 which means 'by means of', and 下 'below'. This expression may also be translated as 'under (A)', or 'fewer than (A)'.
To use 以下, attach it to the amount that you want to highlight as the 'maximum' amount.
To use 以下, attach it to the amount that you want to highlight as the 'maximum' amount.
- 17歳以下の方は保護者の方と来てください。For those of the ages 17 and under, please come with a guardian.
- この車は30万円以下だった。This car was under 300,000 yen.
- 以下同文。The rest is the same. (Usually seen in documents to notify the reader that the rest of the document basically repeats what has already been said)
- 空港には以下のものを持って来てください。Please bring the following to the airport.
Antonyms
Examples
この家は2000万円以下です。
This house costs less than 20 million yen.
日本では17歳以下の人は運転が出来ない。
In Japan, those 17 or younger cannot drive.
80点以下なら、もう一回テストを受けなくてはいけない。
If you get 80 points or less, you have to take the test one more time.
5000円以下のコーヒーメーカーがないんですか。
Are there no coffee makers below 5000 yen?
これ以下の値段がありません。
There are none under this price.
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以上 and 以下
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いか – Grammar Discussion
Most Recent Replies (5 in total)
SteveB
While technically 以下 (and 以上) both mean equal to or more/less, is it relatively common for these points to be used where they actually just mean less/more and not ‘equal too & less/more?’
I know there are other ways to say that specifically, but fairly sure I had seen it where the implication was just ‘less’, and wondering how common in casual use or maybe signs/notices it is?Fuga
This is something even native Japanese speakers have troubles with sometimes. As you said, 以下and以上 means equal to/less or more, but you would use 未満and超えるfor less/more and not equal to. It’s common to have them mixed up in casual speech, but not on signs and official documents/statements.
For example: 20歳未満は飲酒してはならない。(People Under the age of 20 must not drink) and 20歳以下は飲酒してはならない。(People under the age of 20 or younger must not drink)
以上・以下・未満・超える are used very differently when there needs to be a clear distinction, so it is safe to say you would not see these four used interchangeably on official documents or signs.
SteveB
Thanks for the explanation. I figured they wouldn’t be written on anything official otherwise it would confuse everyone or give the wrong idea
But are you saying that in casual speech, 以下 & 以上 may still get used with the implication that they mean just more/less, and not equal?
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