Grammar Info

N4 Lesson 4: 20/20

くはEmphasis and Contrast

Structure

[い]Adjective[]+
[い]Adjective[]+ + ない
[い]Adjective[]+ + ある

Details

    About くは

    Besides marking the topic of a sentence in a straightforward way, the は particle can also be used to indicate contrast or comparison. One way it does this is with い-Adjectives, in the pattern ~くは.

    Grammatically, this is the continuative form of an い-Adjective (く), plus the binding particle は.

    ~くは is most often used with negatives, to emphasize that something isn't necessarily one thing, but there is an implication that it still may be another. This looks similar to the regular negative form of い-Adjectives but with は inserted after く.

    As は is being used contrastively here, often the contrast will be explicitly stated, although this isn't always the case.

    Although this pattern of inserting は for contrast is most common with negatives, it can also be seen in positive sentences.

    Fun Fact

    Although the focus of this grammar point is ~くは, this contrastive use of は can be seen in many different contexts.

    Examples

    --:--

    • あそこのコーヒーは美味(おい)しくはない

      The coffee over there isn't exactly delicious.

      • この映画(えいが)面白(おもしろ)くはない

        This movie isn't exactly interesting.

        • 先輩(せんぱい):「明日(あした)(いそが)しい?」後輩(こうはい):「明日(あした)(いそが)しくはないですけど……。」

          Senior: 'Are you busy tomorrow?' Junior: 'I'm not exactly busy tomorrow, but...'

          • このコートは(あたた)かくはないです。

            This coat isn't exactly warm.

            • (ぼく)彼女(かのじょ)可愛(かわい)くはないけど、性格(せいかく)がいいんです。

              My girlfriend isn't exactly cute, but she has a good personality.

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