Structure
［い］Adjective［く］ + Verb
［な］Adjective + に + Verb
Exceptions:
いい￫よく
Details
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About く・に
Adverbs can be used before verbs to indicate the way in which an action is being done. This is translated in a similar way to '~ly' in English, where the adjective 'quick' would become 'quickly' when describing a verb.
Both い-Adjectives and な-Adjectives have different rules for being used adverbially. For い-Adjectives, remove the い and replace it with く. This is also known as the conjunctive form. For な-Adjectives, に will be added directly after.
In most cases, adverbs that are modifications of an い-Adjective or a な-Adjective should come directly before the verb they are modifying.
Caution
There are many adverbs in Japanese that are modifications of neither い-Adjectives nor な-Adjectives. For ease, we will call these 'true adverbs'. True adverbs may appear in different parts of the sentence depending on the information they are conveying. However, this is an advanced topic that will be covered at another stage.
Examples
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彼は彼女に甘く話しかけた。
He spoke to her sweetly.
料理を軽く味見した。
I lightly tasted the food.
彼女はいつも前向きに考える。
She always thinks positively.
姉は丁寧にプレゼントを作った。
My older sister carefully made the present.
試験前の夜は早めに寝たほうがいい。
You should go to bed early the night before an exam.
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