と言(い)う

という (and the verb 言(い)う itself) is often quite misunderstood, as the closest translation in English is 'to say'. In Japanese, 言(い)う actually refers to the information about something that cannot be discovered by simply 'looking at' it. For example, if you look at a man, you cannot know that his name is Bob, or that he works in an office, but you can know whether he is 'short', 'tall', etc. Due to this, という should only be used to express information that requires intimate knowledge, and not simple observations.

• ここにボブという名前(なまえ)の男(おとこ)の人(ひと)が来(き)ませんでしたか。 (Natural)
  Did a man called Bob come here?
• ここに小(ちい)さいという男(おとこ)の人(ひと)が来(き)ませんでしたか。 (Unnatural)
  Did a man known as small come here?

It is possible to see (A) という (B) in sentences where (A) is describing something that seems 'obvious'. However, in these cases, the speaker is usually implying that something about (A) is not exactly as it seems, or that their opinion/knowledge differs.

• あの人(ひと)は強(つよ)いというんだけど、ステロイドを使(つか)っているんじゃない？
  That person is known as strong, but don't you think he uses steroids? (He looks strong, but isn't)

This particular nuance is not limited to nouns, and may be seen with almost any word type.