Grammar Info

N4 Lesson 3: 14/18

ばIf… then, (Conditional)

Hypothetical

Structure

［い］Adjective［い］+ ければ
［な］Adjective + なら（ば）
Noun + なら（ば）

Verbs:
［る1］Verb ￫ 見(み)る + れば
［る5］Verb ￫ 座(すわ)る + れば
［う］Verb ￫ 歌(うた)う + えば
［く］Verb ￫ 歩(ある)く + けば
［す］Verb ￫ 話(はな)す + せば
［つ］Verb ￫ 打(う)つ + てば
［ぬ］Verb ￫ 死(し)ぬ + ねば
［ぶ］Verb ￫ 飛(と)ぶ + べば
［む］Verb ￫ 休(やす)む + めば
［ぐ］Verb ￫ 泳(およ)ぐ + げば

Exceptions:
する ￫ すれば
くる ￫ くれば

Negative Forms:
Verb［ない］+ なければ
［い］Adjective［ない］+ なければ
［な］Adjective + で + なければ
Noun + で + なければ

Details

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About ば

There are several different ways to express 'if' in Japanese. One of these is through using the conjunction particle ば. ば presents hypothetical situations (possibilities), and pairs with verbs using an う to え sound-change conjugation method on the terminal (last) kana. Let's examine this with a few verbs first.

As we can see with these verbs, the final kana will change to an え sound, from its original う (る to れ, う to え, く to け, す to せ, etc.) before adding ば. It is important to practice these, to not get them mixed up with verbs that use れる, and られる. Unlike with these verbs, the base form of する and くる will not change when using ば.

To conjugate い-Adjectives with ば, the い will be replaced with けれ, one of the standard い-Adjective conjugation forms. After this, just add ば.

For な-Adjectives, and nouns, なら (another standard conjugation form of these words) will be added, before attaching ば.

In the negative form (using ない), both the auxiliary verb ない, and the い-Adjective ない will conjugate in the same way. Simply replace い with けれ, and then add ば.

Fun Fact

The なら in ならば is often used by itself to mean 'if', and is an abbreviation of the classical auxiliary verb なり 'to be'. In its hypothesis form, なり will become ならば. However, なり is very irregularly used by itself in modern Japanese, with なら, and ならば being far more common.

Caution

So that you do not mix up the conjugation rules for ば, and passive verbs, remember that the last kana of the verb will change to an あ sound, before adding れる with passive verbs. However, this change is to an え sound with ば.

  • 運動(うんどう)をすれば痩(や)せるよ。
    If you exercise, you will lose weight.
  • 夜(よる)遅(おそ)くに電話(でんわ)をされると迷惑(めいわく)です。
    It is very inconsiderate of you to call this late at night.

Examples

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    ヘルメットを被(かぶ)らなければ、バイクに乗(の)れない。

    If (you) do not wear a helmet, then (you) cannot ride a motorbike.

    明日(あした)雨(あめ)が降(ふ)れば、映画(えいが)を見(み)に行(い)くつもり。

    If it rains tomorrow, then I will go watch a movie.

    毎日(まいにち)サッカーの練習(れんしゅう)に行(い)けば、プロのサッカー選手(せんしゅ)になれる。

    If you go to soccer practice every day, then you can become a professional soccer player.

    今週(こんしゅう)の金曜日(きんようび)までに出来(でき)なければ、来週末(らいしゅうまつ)に終(お)わらせなくてはいけない。

    If (you) cannot do it by this Friday, then (you) have to finish it next weekend.

    展覧会(てんらんかい)に行(い)けば、色々(いろいろ)なことを学(まな)べる。

    If (you) go to an exhibit, then (you) can learn a variety of things.

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ば – Grammar Discussion

Most Recent Replies (31 in total)

  • Jonny1

    Jonny1

    It’s not the で particle, it’s the te-form of the copula. 好き is a na-adjective, and you need で to connect a noun and a na-adjective to the negative conditional.

  • nekoyama

    nekoyama

    Treating で as the te-form of the copula is only a modern reanalysis. It’s about as far removed from explaining the structure of である as possible.

  • Jonny1

    Jonny1

    Thank you for your explanation.

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