Structure
[な]Adjective + となっている
Noun + となっている
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About ~は~となっている
(A) は (B) となっている is a common expression used to show that '(A) is becoming (B)', or (more commonly) '(A) has become (B)'. This expression will only appear with nouns, or な-Adjectives in their 語幹 (stem form). (A) は (B) となっている is often translated as '(A) happens to be (B)', '(A) has been established as (B)', or 'it has been decided that (A) is (B)'.
Let's have a look at some examples, and then how this structure is formed.
(A) は - (A) is a constant unchanging thing.
(B) と - (B) is a result. (coming from the case marking particle と's role in highlighting results.
なっている - (A) is existing in the state 'having arrived at the result of (B)'.
Let's have a look at some examples, and then how this structure is formed.
- 鬼滅の刃は非常に人気となっている。It happens to be that Demon Slayer is very popular.
- 日本ではドラッグは法律上、違法となっている。In Japan, it has been established that drugs are illegal, by law.
- このプールでは、飛び込みが禁止となっている。At this pool, it happens to be that jumping in is not allowed.
(A) は - (A) is a constant unchanging thing.
(B) と - (B) is a result. (coming from the case marking particle と's role in highlighting results.
なっている - (A) is existing in the state 'having arrived at the result of (B)'.
- 今の時代にはインターネットは必要となっている。It is now that the internet is necessary in the present age.
- この高校ではアルバイトが禁止となっている。It is now that working part-time at this school is prohibited.
Caution
(A) は (B) となっている may be rephrased to (A) は (B) になっている. However, に will remove much of the feeling of a 'result', or 'finality'. Due to this, it will just sound like (A) is becoming (B), but is not necessarily that way yet.- 今の時代にはインターネットは必要になっている。It is now that the internet is becoming necessary in the present age.
Caution
In writing, おる is not always considered a 'formal' equivalent of いる, especially in set phrases. となっている is often seen as となっており, instead of となっていて. This is particularly common in news articles.- このイベントは来月5日からとなっており、明日から前売り券を買うことができる。It is now that next month's event from the 5th has pre-order tickets that are purchasable from tomorrow.
Examples
いくつかの州では21才未満の子供たちや若者がアルコールを消費することは違法となっている。
In some states, it has been established that the consumption of alcohol by children and young adults under 21 is illegal.
だ, です or である can be used here, but without the nuance of 'to become'.
フランツ・フェルディナント大公の暗殺が開戦の原因の一つとなっている。
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand has been established as one of the causes of war.
だ, です or である can be used here, but without the nuance of 'to become'.
アメリカをはじめとして、電気は主要な光源となっている。
Starting with the USA, electricity has become the main source of light.
だ, です or である can be used here, but without the nuance of 'to become'.
中国では男性の女性に対する割合は118対100となっている。
The proportion of men to women in China happens to be 118 to 100.
だ, です or である can be used here, but without the nuance of 'to become'.
納期限は4月31日までとなっています。
The due date of the tax payment has been established as April 31st.
だ, です or である can be used here, but without the nuance of 'to become'.
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となる vs. になる
Maggie Sensei
Difference between となる and になる
Japanese StackExchange
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Tobira
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~は~となっている – Grammar Discussion
Most Recent Replies (3 in total)
MZa
Could you explain why the と particle is used here? With which meaning? If it is as the quotation particle, i don’t see the logic behind it.
jptr
"The verb なる means to be or to become, to turn into.
Adding と and に in front it changes the meaning a bit.
The basic differences? While になる is a natural change, となる implies having reached a final stage."
From this article:
https://maggiesensei.com/2010/12/10/となる-vs-になる -to-naru-vs-ni-naru/blacktide
Based on the post below on Japanese StackExchange, it seems that it’s the quotative particle, although I can’t find a good explanation to why.
Here are some detailed nuances based on my studies.
となる is similar to になる but with the following changes:
- となる can only be used with nouns.
- となる is more formal and not used often in conversation.
- となる has a dramatic tone.
- となる implies reaching a “final stage” as @jptr menti...
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