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Tobira [Grammar]

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Chapter 1

日本の地理

でできる

Made of, Made from, Produced from, Come from

さ

Converting adjectives to nouns

の様（よう）に

Like (Noun), Similar to (Noun)

様（よう） + に・な

As・like, Just like

は～で有名（ゆうめい）

連用形（れんようけい）

Formal Conjunctive

事（こと）がある

Something is possible, Sometimes, Occasionally, There are times when

かは〜によって違（ちが）う

Depends on, Changes depending on, Differ depending on

始（はじ）める

To start, To begin to

(Particle) + の

Combined particles

と言（い）われている

It is said that, Is known as

といえば

Speaking of, If it were the case that

とか

Among other things, For example, Such as

と言（い）うのは

~ Known as ~ is, ~ Called ~ is, ~ Means ~, Because

だけでなくて～も

Not only ~ but ~ also, Not just ~ but ~ also

って

As for, Speaking of, Casual は (Sentence topic marker)

って

Casual quotation

Chapter 2

日本語のスピーチスタイル

なければいけない

Must do, Have to do

なければならない

Must do, Have to do

なくてはいけない

Must do, Have to do

なくてはならない

Must do, Have to do

等（など）

Such as, Things like, Etc., And so on

は～の一（ひと）つだ

〜 is one of (many) 〜

にとって

To, For, Concerning

代（か）わりに

Instead of, In place of, In exchange for

為（ため）に

For, For the sake of, In order to

為（ため）に

Due to, Because of, As a result of

か

でしょう

Right?, Probably, Isn't it?

だろう

Right?, Probably, Isn't it?

が見（み）られる

Can see, Can be seen, Can observe, Can be observed, Be evident, Chance to see something

様（よう）になる

To reach the point that, To come to be that, To turn into

又（また）〜も

Moreover, Additionally, And also, In addition, Furthermore, Or

必要（ひつよう）がある

It is necessary to

場合（ばあい）は

In the event of, In the case of

ではなくて

Not A but B, Conjunctive

何（なん） + (Counter) + か

Some, Several, A few

Chapter 3

日本のテクノロジー

他（ほか）に

Other, Another, Any other, Anything else, As well as, Besides, In addition

と同（おな）じくらい

About the same as, About as, No less

(Noun) + 型（がた）

Model, Type, Pattern, Kind, Shape, Size(d)

それに

And, Besides, Moreover, In addition

なら

Were it, If, If it's the case, As for (Conditional)

として

As (i.e. in the role of), For

事（こと）になっている

To be expected to, To be scheduled to

～た + (Noun)

Verb modified noun, Relative clause

～ていく

To ~ and go, To go on, To start

～てくる

To come to, To become, To continue, To be starting to, Has been ~ing

事（こと）になる

It will end up being, It is the result of, It has been decided that

様（よう）に言（い）う

To tell, request, or order to do (in such a way)

様（よう）にする

To try to, To make sure to, To endeavor to

～て + くれない

Won't you?, Will you?, Could you?, Can you?, Would you?

かな

なるべく

As ~ as possible, Wherever practicable

う・よう + としたが

Tried to ~ but ~, Was about to ~ but ~, Was going to ~ but ~

Chapter 4

日本のスポーツ

毎（まい）～の様（よう）に

Almost every ~, Nearly every ~, On a ~ basis

と考（かんが）えられている

Is considered, Is thought of as

なんて

Such as, Things like, Emphasis

まず

To start with, Firstly

合（あ）う

To or for one another, Mutually, With

様（よう）に

So that, In order to, In such a way that

のではないでしょうか

I think ... isn't it?, It might be that..., Don't you agree?

ずに

そういう

Like that, Kind of

と言（い）える

Would or could say that..., Can probably say that..., Fair to say that...

事（こと）なの

(A) is (Description of A), (A) means that (Description of A)

んだけど

それで

Because of that, So?, And then?, Therefore, With that

いくら～でも

No matter how (much)

内（うち）に

できれば

～たばかり

Just did, Something just happened

どんなに～ても

Chapter 5

日本の食べ物

当（あ）たり

Per~, A~, Apiece, Each

のは～の方（ほう）だ

It is...that..., It is...who..., ...is the one that..., ...is the one who...

(Amount) + は

At least, Sort of, Or so

を始（はじ）め

Not only...but also..., Starting with

以上（いじょう） ①

More than (or equal to), Over・(and) above, Any more・Greater, Exceeding

以下（いか）

Less than (or equal to), Under・(and) below, Any less・fewer, Not exceeding

さえ～ば

If only…then, As long as..., Provided..., Only thing ... needs for ... is ...

遂（つい）に

Finally, At last

化（か）する

-ification, -ization, To make something, To change, To become, Transform into

ところが

Even so, However, Even though, But

に違（ちが）いない

There is no doubt that, I'm sure

を元（もと）に

Based on, From, According to

とおなじで・とちがって

Like, Similar to, Unlike, Dissimilar to

らしい ②

typical of, -ish・like, appropriate for, becoming of, befitting

的（てき）

~ly・~like・~al, Typical

といい

It would be nice if, It would be good if, Should, I hope

殆（ほとん）ど

Almost all, Most, Hardly any, Few (Adverbial noun)

様（よう）な気（き）がする

Have a feeling that

～る所（ところ）だ

About to, On the verge of

～た所（ところ）だ

Just finished doing, Was just doing

～ている所（ところ）だ

In the process of doing ~ right now/at this moment

Chapter 6

日本人と宗教

に気（き）が付（つ）く

To notice (that), To realize (that)

様（よう）に祈（いの）る

Pray that/for, Hope that/for, Keep fingers crossed that

も～ば～も

…And…, Both ... and ..., ... And ... as well

のだろうか

そんな

Such a・Kind of, Something like ~

それぞれ

Each, Respectively

らしい ①

Seems like, Apparently, I heard

続（つづ）ける

ばかり

Just, Only, Nothing but

真（ま）っ

Completely, Exactly, Right

訳（わけ）だ

For that reason, No wonder, As you'd expect, Naturally, Thus, This is why

で良（よ）ければ

If it is alright, If you don't mind, If you would like, If possible

結構（けっこう）

Quite, A lot, Fairly, Rather

中々（なかなか）

Very, Quite, Considerably

そういえば

Speaking of which, By the way, Come to think of it

と言（い）う事（こと）

~ing, The ~ that ~ (Nominalization)

は～となっている

It is (has been), Have/has become, Happen to be, Has been established

Chapter 7

日本のポップカルチャー

それでは

If so, Well (then), In that case

その上（うえ）

Besides, In addition, Furthermore

さえ

向（む）け

Intended for, Aimed at

である

Formal or literary だ, Authoritative, Copula

出（だ）す

To suddenly begin, To start doing

ない～はない

There is not ~ that is not/does not

に当（あ）たる

Correspond to, Amounts to, Equals to, Is appropriate

傾向（けいこう）がある

Tendency, Trend, Inclination

とすると

If it were the case that, Assuming that...

がする

To give off, Smell, Sound, Taste, Sensation

癖（くせ）に

Even though, And yet, Despite

と言（い）う訳（わけ）ではない

It is not that, It doesn't mean that, It is not always the case

Chapter 8

日本の伝統芸能

関係（かんけい）がある

(Not) involved with, (Not) concerned with, (No) connection with, (No) relationship with, (Not) related to

による

By means of, According to, Depending on, Because of, Due to

すると

Having done..., If...is done..., (And/just) then, Thereupon, If so

通（とお）り

In that way, Exactly, Precisely, Just as

ば～程（ほど）

The more…the more

さて

Well, Well then

を中心（ちゅうしん）に

Focused on, Centered on or around, Mainly, Most notably

逆（ぎゃく）に

On the contrary

筈（はず）だ

Bound to (be), Expected to (be), Should be (able)

点（てん）

Aspect, Respect, Point, Way, In terms of, In that, From the point of view

益々（ますます）

Increasingly, More and more, Decreasingly, Less and less, Keep -ing

直（なお）す

To do over, To redo

ことは〜が

It is true...but, although, but

お陰（かげ）で

Thanks to, Because of

せいで

Because of, Due to, Blame

どんどん

Progressively, Rapidly increasing, More and more

度（たび）に

Each time, Every time, Whenever

到頭（とうとう）

Finally, After all

Chapter 9

日本の教育

～ても～なくても

Whether ~ or not

前者（ぜんしゃ）は～後者（こうしゃ）は

The former ~ the latter, The first ~ the second

といった

Such as, Like, So much as

一方（いっぽう）で

On the other hand, At the same time, While

或（あ）るいは

Or, Possibly, Maybe, Perhaps, Or possibly

中々（なかなか）～ない

Not really, Hardly, Not easily or readily, By no means, Far from

つまり

In short, To sum up, In other words

そこで

Accordingly, Now, Therefore, To that end

以外（いがい）

Except・besides, Other than, With the exception of

決（けっ）して〜ない

Never, By no means

と言（い）う理由（りゆう）で

For (that) reason; on the grounds of (that), With the reasoning, Under the pretext of, Due to

等（ら）

We, Them, They, These, Those

に対（たい）して

In contrast to, While, In regard to, Whereas

限（かぎ）り

As long as, While… is the case, Limited to

にも拘（かか）わらず

Despite, In spite of, Regardless, Nevertheless

折角（せっかく）

With trouble, At great pains, Take the trouble, Might as well..., Rare/long-awaited occasion

思（おも）う様（よう）に

As one hopes, As desired, As one thought

と言（い）っても

Although ~ might say that ~

Chapter 10

日本の便利な店

程（ほど）

The more, About, To the extent that, So much… that

程（ほど）～ない

Is not as…as, Isn't... like..., Not to the extent of...

と言（い）う

Called, Named, Known as, As much as

に合（あ）わせて

In accordance with, Matching, Fitting, Suitable for, Adjust or tune to

まるで～様（よう）だ

It is entirely as if, It is just as though

は言（い）うまでもない ①

It goes without saying (that), (It is) needless to say, I don't need to remind you

言（い）うまでもない ②

It goes without saying, It is needless to say, Of course, Obviously

まで

Even, To even, To the extent of

でも〜でも

Whether ~ or, Neither ~ or

従（したが）って

Therefore, Thus, As a result

と言（い）うのは事実（じじつ）だ

It is a fact that ~, There is no doubt that

と言（い）う点（てん）から考（かんが）えると

From the standpoint of, From the perspective of, From the viewpoint of, Think in terms of, Viewed from the angle of

上（うえ）に

As well, Besides, In addition to

ことに

Extremely, Especially, To my ...

だが

But, Still, However, Nevertheless

事（こと）はない

There is no need to, Never happens

かと言（い）うと ①

Why? Well..., Why? Because..., If you ask me why..., The reason why is..., It is because...

かと言（い）うと ②

If you ask me..., If I had to say, If I were to say, If I were to choose one, I'd rather

それなら

Then, If that's the case

Chapter 11

日本の歴史

少（すく）なくない

Quite a few, Quite a lot, Many, Not a few, Not a little

を通（つう）じて

Through, Via, Throughout

に掛（か）けて

Over (a period), From ~ until, Through

で言（い）うと

In, Of, According to

各（かく）

Each, Every, Respective, Various

ばかりでなく

Not only…but also, As well as

風（ふう）

-style, Way, Fashion

と共（とも）に

Together with, At the same time, As well as

ずつ

One at a time, Per, Each, Gradually

に至（いた）るまで

(Everything) from...to..., From…up until..., Starting with...ending with...

同士（どうし）

Fellow, With each other, Mutually, Between, Among, Together, With

べき

Must, Should , Ought to

からすると

Judging from, Considering

ぬ

Classical negative, Classical verb [ない]

上（うえ）で

と並（なら）んで

In line with, Comparable with, Along with, Just like, As … as

恐（おそ）らく

Probably, Perhaps, (Most) likely, (I) fear that

全（まった）く～ない

Chapter 12

日本の伝統工芸

一体（いったい）

(What) the heck?, (Who) in the world?, (Where) on earth?, (How many) f*ing...

とされている

To be considered, To be deemed, Be regarded as, Be accepted as, To be said, To be accredited with

第一（だいいち）

Start, First (point), Foremost, To begin with

に関（かん）して

Related to, About, Regarding

考（かんが）えられない

Unthinkable, Inconceivable, Unimaginable, Cannot think

活（い）かす

To make use of (something), To take full advantage of, To capitalize on, To leverage (skills), Bring out (the quality of)

事（こと）から

From the fact that

無（な）し

こそ

For sure, For certain, Even more so, Underlined or bolded text

込（こ）む ①

To go into, To put into

込（こ）む ②

Remain, To do thoroughly, Deeply, Intensely

さ (Filler)

Like, You know, You see, Listen, Uhh

さ (Casual よ)

さ (Interjection)

All right, There we go, Now, You see, Well (I don't know, let me see)

でもある

Be also, It also is

ずっと ①

Continuously, All throughout, Entire time, Ever (since), The whole time, All the way

ずっと ②

By far, Way, Far...er, Far...more

ままに (As Is)

As is, While remaining, Left in a state

Chapter 13

日本人と自然

代（だい）

Teens, Twenties, Thirties, 1910s, 20s/30s

の姿（すがた）

Figure, Shape, Appearance, Looks, Wearing, Dressed in, Presence

～ては

If, With, Since, Because

～たものだ

段々（だんだん）

Gradually, Little by little, Step by step

に連（つ）れて

As…then, In proportion to, (Along) with

上（あ）がる

Something is finished, To finish something, Something has come to an end, To do something completely, To do something through

掛（が）けに

On the way to, As you go

だけで

Just by, Just with

余（あま）りに

So much...that, (Way) too...

には

In order to, In regard to, For

大体（だいたい）

Most・mostly, Adequately・generally, For the most part, Roughly・approximately, In the first place

に於（お）いて

In, On, At, Regarding, In terms of

も又（また）

Too, Also (with more emphasis than も alone), Again

Chapter 14

日本の政治

を除（のぞ）いて

Except, With the exception of, Unless

即（すなわ）ち

In other words, That is, Namely

一応（いちおう） ①

Just in case, Just to be sure

一応（いちおう） ②

more or less, for the time being, tentatively・roughly

左右（さゆう）する

Influence, Impact, Control

未（いま）だに

Still, Not yet, Even now

しかしながら

However, Nevertheless, But

かなり

Quite, Considerably, Pretty, Fairly

れる・られる (Passive)

Was done to ~ by ~, Done without consent, Done to one's dismay

次第（しだい）だ

Depending on, So

とは限（かぎ）らない

Not necessarily so, Is not always true, There is no guarantee that

ちゃんと

Properly, Neatly, Orderly, Sufficiently, Decently

Chapter 15

世界と私の国の未来

の内（うち）で

Of the, Among(st)

後（あと）の + (Noun)

…left, Rest, Remaining, In, …to, …else

何（なに）より

Be glad, Be relieved, Most, Best, Above all else, More than anything

に従（したが）って

As, Following, As then, According to, In accordance with

たったの

Only, Just, No more than

～てしょうがない

Extremely, Very, Really, It can't be helped

以来（いらい）

Since, Henceforth

何（なに）から何（なに）まで

Everything and anything, From A to Z, From head to toe, Everything

却（かえ）って

All the more, On the contrary, Conversely

と同時（どうじ）に

At the same time as, The instant, The moment, As well as

っけ

What is…again?, Was it... that... ?, Did you say...?

っぱなし

Leaving something in a certain state, Left as is, Keep on -ing

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